Biocidal compositions and methods of use

ABSTRACT

Provided are biocidal compositions comprising 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide and a compound selected from the group consisting of 1-(3-chloroallyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1-azoniaadamantane; tris(hydroxymethyl)-nitromethane; and a hexahydrotriazine compound. The compositions are useful for controlling microorganisms in aqueous or water containing systems.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser.No. 61/259,800, filed Nov. 10, 2009, which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to biocidal compositions and methods of their usefor the control of microorganisms in aqueous and water containingsystems. The compositions comprise 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamidetogether with a second biocide.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Protecting water-containing systems from microbial contamination iscritical to the success of many industrial production processes,including oil or natural gas production operations. In oil and gasproduction, microorganism contamination from both aerobic and anaerobicbacteria can cause serious problems such as reservoir souring (mainlycaused by anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB)), microbiologicallyinfluenced corrosion (MIC) on metal surfaces of equipment and pipelines,and degradation of polymer additives.

Microbial contamination can occur anywhere throughout oil and gasoperations including injection water, produced water, downhole, nearwellbore areas, deaeration towers, transmission pipelines, source waterfor waterflooding and hydraulic fracturing such as pond water andholding tank water, oil and gas storage tanks, and functionalwater-based fluids such as drilling muds, completion or workover fluids,hydrotest fluids, stimulation fluids, packer fluids, and fracturingfluids.

Biocides are commonly used to disinfect and control the growth ofmicroorganisms in aqueous systems. However, not all biocides areeffective against a wide range of microorganisms and/or temperatures,and some are incompatible with other chemical treatment additives. Inaddition, some biocides do not provide microbial control over longenough time periods. In oil and gas applications, the presence of H₂Sand high temperature (up to 120° C. or higher) present significant andunique challenges for biocide treatments.

2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA) is an effective fast-actingbiocide used in many industrial processes including oil and gasoperations. It is also known, however, that DBNPA readily undergoeshydrolytic degradation that is accelerated with high pH or temperature.DBNPA, therefore, generally cannot provide long-lasting microbialcontrol. As a result, it would be a significant advance in the field toprovide biocides that can control a wide range of microorganisms and areboth fast-acting and long-lasting.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the invention provides biocidal compositions. Thecompositions are useful for controlling microbial growth in aqueous orwater-containing systems. The compositions of the invention comprise2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide together with a biocidal compoundselected from the group consisting of1-(3-chloroallyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1-azoniaadamantane;tris(hydroxymethyl)-nitromethane; and a hexahydrotriazine compound.

In a second aspect, the invention provides a method for controllingmicroorganisms in aqueous or water containing systems. The methodcomprises treating the system with an effective amount of a biocidalcomposition as described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As noted above, the invention provides biocidal compositions and methodsof using them in the control of microorganisms. The compositionscomprise 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA) together with abiocidal compound selected from the group consisting of:1-(3-chloroallyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1-azoniaadamantane;tris(hydroxymethyl)-nitromethane; and a hexahydrotriazine compound. Ithas surprisingly been discovered that combinations of DBNPA with otherbiocidal compounds as described herein are synergistic when used formicroorganism control in aqueous or water containing media. That is, thecombined materials result in improved biocidal properties than wouldotherwise be expected based on their individual performance at theparticular use-concentration. The observed synergy permits reducedamounts of the materials to be used to achieve acceptable biocidalproperties, thus potentially reducing environmental impact and materialscost.

In addition to exhibiting synergy, the compositions of the invention arealso effective for controlling a wide range of microorganism types,including both aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Further, thecompositions are functional for extended time periods and underconditions typically found in oil and gas applications. As a result ofthese attributes, the compositions are particularly useful in the oiland natural gas industry where biocidal agents are needed that arecapable of controlling both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, andproviding both rapid decontamination and extended protection.

For the purposes of this specification, the meaning of “microorganism”includes, but is not limited to, bacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses.The words “control” and “controlling” should be broadly construed toinclude within their meaning, and without being limited thereto,inhibiting the growth or propagation of microorganisms, killingmicroorganisms, disinfection, and/or preservation.

In a first embodiment, the composition of the invention comprises:2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (“DBNPA”) and1-(3-chloroallyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1-azoniaadamantane (“CTAC”). The CTACcompound may be the cis isomer, the trans isomer, or a mixture of cisand trans isomers. Preferably, it is the cis isomer or a mixture of thecis and trans isomers.

Preferably, the DBNPA to CTAC weight ratio in the first embodiment ofthe invention is about 100:1 to 1:100, more preferably 50:1 to 1:50, andeven more preferably 35:1 to 1:35. In a particularly preferredembodiment, the DBNPA to CTAC weight ratio is between about 10:1 to1:34.

In a further embodiment, the DBNPA/CTAC composition further comprises2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol (“Bronopol” or “BNPD”) as a thirdbiocidal compound. Preferably, the DBNPA to bronopol weight ratio inthis embodiment is between about 1:1 and 1:5 and the bronopol to CTACweight ratio is between about 1:2 and about 1:8.

In a further embodiment, the microorganism is aerobic. Under thisembodiment, a preferred DBNPA to CTAC weight ratio is between about 10:1to 1:34.

In a yet a further embodiment, the microorganism is anaerobic. Underthis embodiment, a preferred DBNPA to CTAC weight ratio is between about9:1 to 1:3.

In a still further embodiment, the microorganism is anaerobic andsulfide ion is present in the aqueous system to be treated. Under thisembodiment, the DBNPA to CTAC weight ratio is preferably between about2:1 to 1:8.

DBNPA and CTAC are commercially available from The Dow Chemical Companyand/or can be readily prepared by those skilled in the art using wellknown techniques.

In a second embodiment, the composition of the invention comprises DBNPAand tris(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane (“tris nitro”). Preferably, theDBNPA to tris(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane weight ratio in this secondembodiment is between about 100:1 to 1:100, more preferably 50:1 to1:50, and even more preferably 20:1 to 1:20. In a particularly preferredembodiment, the DBNPA to tris(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane weight ratio isbetween about 9:1 to 1:8.

In a further embodiment, the microorganism is aerobic. Under thisembodiment, a preferred DBNPA to tris nitro weight ratio is betweenabout 1:3 to 1:8.

In a yet further embodiment, the microorganism is anaerobic. Under thisembodiment, the DBNPA to tris nitro weight ratio is preferably about9:1.

Tris(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane is commercially available from The DowChemical Company and/or can be readily prepared by those skilled in theart using well known techniques.

In a third embodiment, the composition of the invention comprises2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide and a hexahydrotriazine compound.Preferably, the hexahydrotriazine compound is of the formula I:

wherein R₁, R₂, and R₃ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, C₁-C₅ alkyl, C₁-C₅ hydroxyalkyl, or analkoxyalkylene group having the structure —R₄—O—R₅, where R₄ isindependently an alkylene radical of 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and R₅ isindependently an alkyl radical of 1 to 5 carbon atoms.

Preferred hexahydrotriazines according to formula I include compounds inwhich R₁, R₂, and R₃ are the same and are either alkyl or hydroxyalkyl.More preferably they are ethyl or hydroxyethyl. Particularly preferredcompounds are hexahydro-1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine andhexahydro-1,3,5-triethyl-s-triazine.

Preferably, the DBNPA to hexahydrotriazine weight ratio in the thirdembodiment of the invention is between about 100:1 to 1:100, morepreferably 50:1 to 1:50, and even more preferably 20:1 to 1:20. In aparticularly preferred embodiment, the DBNPA to hexahydrotriazine weightratio is between about 8:1 to 1.9.

In a further embodiment, the microorganism is aerobic. Under thisembodiment, a preferred DBNPA to hexahydrotriazine weight ratio is about8:1.

In a yet a further embodiment, the microorganism is anaerobic. Underthis embodiment, the DBNPA to hexahydrotriazine weight ratio ispreferably between about 1:1 to 1:9.

Hexahydrotriazines according to formula I are commercially availableand/or can be readily prepared by those skilled in the art using wellknown techniques (e.g. as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,981,998, U.S.Pat. No. 4,978,512, and/or U.S. Pat. No. 5,347,007).

The compositions of the invention are useful for controllingmicroorganism growth in a variety of aqueous and water containingsystems. Examples of such systems include, but are not limited toprocess water and aqueous systems present in oil and gas operations,cooling water, boiler water, pulp and paper mill water, other industrialprocess water, ballast water, wastewater, metalworking fluids, latex,paint, coatings, adhesives, inks, tape joint compounds, personal careand household products, aqueous emulsions, inks, pigment dispersions,and textile fluids. In addition, the blends may be employed in otherareas where DBNPA is used as a biocide and longer-lasting microbialprotection is desired.

Preferred aqueous or water containing systems are those present in oiland gas operations. Examples of aqueous or water-containing systemswithin oil and gas operations include, for instance, injection andproduced water, source water for waterflooding and hydraulic fracturingsuch as pond water and holding tank water, functional fluids such asdrilling muds, completion or workover fluids, hydrotest fluids,stimulation fluids, packer fluids, and fracturing fluids, oil and gaswells, separation, storage, and transportation systems, oil and gaspipelines, oil and gas vessels, or fuel.

A person of ordinary skill in the art can readily determine, withoutundue experimentation, the concentration of the composition that shouldbe used in any particular application. By way of illustration, asuitable actives concentration (total for both DBNPA and the secondbiocide) is typically between 1 and 5000 ppm, preferably between 5 and1000 ppm, based on the total weight of the aqueous or water containingsystem including the biocides. In some embodiments for oil and gasapplications, it is preferred that active concentrations of thecomposition range from about 5 to about 300 ppm for top side treatment,and from about 30 to about 500 ppm for downhole treatment.

The components of the inventive compositions can be added to the aqueousor water containing system separately, or preblended prior to addition.A person of ordinary skill in the art can easily determine theappropriate method of addition. The composition can be used in thesystem with other additives such as, but not limited to, surfactants,ionic/nonionic polymers and scale and corrosion inhibitors, oxygenscavengers, and/or additional biocides.

“Alkyl,” as used in this specification, encompasses straight andbranched chain aliphatic groups. Preferred alkyl groups include, withoutlimitation, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl,sec-butyl, tert-butyl, and pentyl.

By “hydroxyalkyl” is meant an alkyl group as defined herein above thatis substituted with a hydroxyl group. Preferred hydroxyalkyl groupsinclude, without limitation, hydroxymethyl and hydroxyethyl.

By “alkylene” is meant an alkyl group as defined herein above that ispositioned between and serves to connect two other chemical groups.Preferred alkylene groups include, without limitation, methylene,ethylene, propylene, and butylene.

The following examples are illustrative of the invention but are notintended to limit its scope. Unless otherwise indicated, ratios,percentages, parts, and the like used herein are by weight.

EXAMPLES

The synergy indexes reported in the following examples are calculatedusing the following equation:

Synergy Index=Ca/CA+Cb/CB

where

Ca: Concentration of biocide A required to achieve a certain level orcomplete bacterial kill when used in combination;

CA: Concentration of biocide A required to achieve a certain level orcomplete bacterial kill when used alone;

Cb: Concentration of biocide B required to achieve a certain level orcomplete bacterial kill when used in combination; and

CB: Concentration of biocide B required to achieve a certain level orcomplete bacterial kill when used alone.

A synergy index (SI) of 1 indicates additivity, a synergy index of lessthan 1 indicates synergy, and a synergy index greater than 1 indicatesantagonism.

Various methods known to those skilled in the art can be used forevaluating biocidal efficacy. In the examples below, aliquots of thetreated samples are removed at predetermined time points and theconcentration required to achieve a certain level or complete bacterialkill is determined by culture-based methods including serial dilution.In some examples, the method is based or adapted (e.g., for hightemperature testing or for the presence of sulfide) from the methodologydescribed in international application PCT/US08/075,755, filed Sep. 10,2008, which is incorporated herein by reference.

Example 1 Evaluation of DBNPA/CTAC,DBNPA/tris(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane (tris nitro), andDBNPA/hexahydro-1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine (HHT) combinationsagainst anaerobic bacteria

Inside an anaerobic chamber, a deaerated sterile salt solution (3.1183 gof NaCl, 1.3082 mg of NaHCO3, 47.70 mg of KCl, 72.00 mg of CaCl2, 54.49mg of MgSO4, 172.28 mg of Na2SO4, 43.92 mg of Na2CO3 in 1 L water) iscontaminated with an oil field isolated anaerobic SRB consortium atfinal bacterial concentrations of 10⁶-10⁷ CFU/mL. Aliquots of thiscontaminated water are then treated with biocide solution (single or incombination) at various concentrations. After the mixtures are incubatedat 40° C. for 24 hour, the minimum biocide concentration to achievecomplete bacteria kill (MBC) is determined Table 1 summarizes theresults for DBNPA/CTAC combinations, Table 2 summarizes the results forDBNPA/tris nitro, and Table 3 summarizes the results for DBNPA/HHTcombinations.

TABLE 1 Biocidal efficacy of DBNPA, CTAC, and DBNPA/CTAC combinationsagainst anaerobic bacteria. Dosage required for complete DBNPA:CTACbacterial reduction (ppm) Synergy ratio DBNPA CTAC Index 1:0 9.1 0.0 9:16.9 0.8 0.77 3:1 6.8 2.3 0.78 1:1 6.5 6.5 0.79 1:3 5.6 16.9 0.81 1:9 5.347.7 1.12 0:1 0.0 87.5

TABLE 2 Biocidal efficacy of DBNPA, tris nitro, and DBNPA/tris nitrocombinations against anaerobic bacteria Dosage required for completeDBNPA:tris bacterial reduction (ppm) Synergy nitro ratio DBNPA trisnitro Index 1:0 8.9 0.0 9:1 5.8 0.7 0.67 3:1 8.3 2.8 1.03 1:1 7.4 7.41.08 1:3 5.6 16.7 1.19 1:9 4.8 42.8 1.98 0:1 0.0 29.6

TABLE 3 Biocidal efficacy of DBNPA, HHT, and DBNPA/HHT combinationsagainst anaerobic bacteria Dosage required for complete DBNPA:HHTbacterial reduction (ppm) Synergy ratio DBNPA HHT Index 1:0 7.0 0.0 9:16.9 0.8 1.00 3:1 6.8 2.3 1.00 1:1 6.5 6.5 0.98 1:3 5.6 16.9 0.95 1:9 4.136.7 0.90 0:1 0.0 113.8As shown in Tables 1-3, DBNPA in combination with CTAC, tris nitro, orHHT exhibits a synergistic effect against anaerobic SRB at certainweight ratios. Lower dosages can therefore be used for good bacterialcontrol when the biocides are used in combination instead of separately.

Example 2 Evaluation of DBNPA/CTAC,DBNPA/tris(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane (tris nitro), andDBNPA/hexahydro-1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine (HHT) combinationsagainst aerobic bacteria

A sterile NaCl solution (0.85%) is contaminated with Psedomonasaeruginosa ATCC 10145 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 at a finalbacterial concentration of ˜10⁶ CFU/ml. Aliquots of this contaminatedwater are then treated with biocide solution (single or in combination)at various concentrations. After the mixtures are incubated at 37° C.for 24 hour, the minimum biocide concentration to achieve completebacteria kill (MBC) is determined Table 4 summarizes the results forDBNPA/CTAC combinations, Table 5 summarizes the results for DBNPA/trisnitro combinations, and Table 6 summarizes the results for DBNPA/HHTcombinations.

TABLE 4 Biocidal efficacy of DBNPA, CTAC, and DBNPA/CTAC combinationsagainst aerobic bacteria. Dosage required for complete DBNPA:CTACbacterial reduction (ppm) Synergy ratio DBNPA CTAC Index  1:0 8.9 0.09.8:1 6.8 0.7 <0.77 3.9:1 6.8 1.7 <0.78 1.3:1 8.9 6.8 <1.04    1:2.2 8.919.5 <1.12    1:6.2 6.8 42.6 <1.04  0:1 0.0 >159

TABLE 5 Biocidal efficacy of DBNPA, tris nitro, and DBNPA/tris nitrocombinations against aerobic bacteria Dosage required for completeDBNPA:tris bacterial reduction (ppm) Synergy nitro ratio DBNPA trisnitro Index 1:0 9.9 0.0 7.6:1  9.9 1.3 1.01 2.9:1  9.9 3.3 1.03 1:1 9.99.9 1.09  1:2.9 4.5 12.9 0.58  1:8.2 3.5 28.1 0.62 0:1 0.0 104.6

TABLE 6 Biocidal efficacy of DBNPA, HHT, and DBNPA/HHT combinationsagainst aerobic bacteria Dosage required for complete DBNPA:HHTbacterial reduction (ppm) Synergy ratio DBNPA HHT Index 1:0 8.9 0.08.2:1  6.8 0.9 0.78 2.9:1  8.9 3.0 1.03 1:1 8.9 8.9 1.09  1:2.9 8.9 25.41.27  1:8.2 6.8 55.5 1.36 0:1 0.0 94.2As shown in Tables 4-6, DBNPA in combination with CTAC, tris nitro, orHHT exhibits a synergistic effect against aerobic bacteria at certainweight ratios. Lower dosages can therefore be used for good bacterialcontrol when the biocides are used in combination instead of separately.

Example 3 Evaluation of DBNPA, CTAC, and DBNPA/CTAC Combinations AgainstAerobic Bacteria in a Re-Challenge Test

DBNPA and CTAC is added to a sterile solution of synthetic surface water(CaCl2 0.2203 g, MgSO4 0.1847 g, NaHCO3 0.1848 g, DI water 1 L) bothalone and in various combinations. An initial inoculum of a mixedbacteria consortium (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 10145, Pseudomonasaeruginosa ATCC 15422, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048, Escherichiacoli ATCC 11229, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 8308, Staphylococcus aureusATCC 6538, Salmonella choleraesuis ATCC 10708) is added to each biocidalsolution at a final concentration of 5×10⁶ CFU/mL. After 2, 6 and 13days, the biocidal solutions are re-challenged with the same bacteriaconsortium to a final concentration of 5×10⁴ CFU/mL of additionalbacteria. All treatments are incubated at ambient temperatures. Theresults are shown in Table 7 which reports the biocide concentrationsrequired to achieve a ≧4 log₁₀ kill reduction in microorganisms.

TABLE 7 Biocidal efficacy of DBNPA, CTAC, and DBNPA/CTAC combinationsagainst aerobic bacteria in a re-challenge test. Days After Doserequired for ≧4 log₁₀ Initial DBNPA:CTAC bacteria reduction (ppm)Synergy Inoculation ratio DBNPA CTAC Index Day 3 1:0 >167   1:34.1 15500 0.75   1:22.7 15 333 0.53  1:6.7 22 148 0.33  1:4.5 22 99 0.26 1:333 99 0.33 1.1:1  111 99 0.80 0:1 >750 Day 20 1:0 >250   1:34.1 15 5000.73   1:22.7 15 333 0.50   1:10.1 22 222 0.38  1:6.7 22 148 0.29  1:4.522 99 0.22 1:3 33 99 0.26 1.1:1  111 99 0.58 0:1 >750As can be seen in Table 7, DBNPA in combination with CTAC is synergisticagainst multiple challenges of aerobic bacteria and over extended timeperiods.

Example 4 Evaluation of DBNPA, CTAC, and DBNPA/CTAC Combinations AgainstAnaerobic Bacteria Under Sulfide-Rich and Multiple Challenge Conditions

Inside an anaerobic chamber, biocide solutions of DBNPA, CTAC, andDBNPA/CTAC combinations at various concentrations are prepared in a saltsolution (3.1183 g of NaCl, 1.3082 mg of NaHCO3, 47.70 mg of KCl, 72.00mg of CaCl2, 54.49 mg of MgSO4, 172.28 mg of Na2SO4, 43.92 mg of Na2CO3in 1 L water). Aliquots of the biocide solutions are then inoculatedwith an oil field isolated anaerobic SRB consortium at final bacterialconcentrations of ˜10⁷ CFU/mL. The mixtures are incubated at roomtemperature and challenged daily with the SRB consortium (10⁴ to 10⁵CFU/mL) and 10 ppm sulfide ion. The viable bacteria left in the mixturesis determined at different incubation times up to 7 days, using a serialdilution method. Bacterial log reduction is then calculated. Thebiocidal efficacy is determined by selecting the lowest biocideconcentration required to achieve at least a 99.9% bacterial reductionfor all three of the following time points: 2 hour, 1 day, and 7 days.Synergy index is then calculated. The results are shown in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Biocidal efficacy of DBNPA, CTAC, and DBNPA/CTAC combinationsagainst anaerobic bacteria under sulfide-rich and re-challengeconditions. Lowest biocide concentration required for ≧99.9% bacterialreduction DBNPA:CTAC for 2 h, 1 day, and 7 days (ppm) Synergy ratioDBNPA CTAC Index 1:0 60.0 0.0 2:1 30.0 15.0 <0.54 1:1 15.0 15.0 <0.291:2 7.5 15.0 <0.17 1:4 7.5 30.0 <0.21 1:8 7.5 60.0 <0.29 0:1 0.0 >360.0As can be seen in Table 8, DBNPA in combination with CTAC is synergisticagainst multiple challenges of anaerobic bacteria and sulfide ion overextended time periods.

Example 5 Evaluation of DBNPA, CTAC, and DBNPA/CTAC Combinations AgainstAnaerobic Bacteria Under High Temperature, Sulfide-Rich, andRe-Challenge Conditions

Inside an anaerobic chamber, biocide solutions of DBNPA, CTAC, andDBNPA/CTAC combinations at various concentrations are prepared in a saltsolution (3.1183 g of NaCl, 1.3082 mg of NaHCO3, 47.70 mg of KCl, 72.00mg of CaCl2, 54.49 mg of MgSO4, 172.28 mg of Na2SO4, 43.92 mg of Na2CO3in 1 L water). Aliquots of the biocide solutions are then challengedwith 10⁴ to 10⁵ CFU/mL of an oil field isolated anaerobic SRB consortium10 ppm sulfide ion and then incubated at 80° C. under anaerobicconditions for 7 days. During the incubation, the mixtures arechallenged daily with 10⁴-10⁵ CFU/mL of the oilfield SRB consortium and10 ppm sulfide ion. After heating at 80 C for 2 hours, biocidal efficacyis evaluated against the field SRB consortium at 40° C. for 2 h. Thesame samples, after heating for 1 day to 7 days at 80 C, are evaluatedagainst the field SRB consortium at 40 C for 24 h. The biocidal efficacyis determined by selecting the lowest biocide concentration required toachieve at least a 99.9% bacterial reduction for all three of thefollowing time points: 2 hour, 1 day, and 7 day. The results are shownin Table 9.

TABLE 9 Biocidal efficacy of DBNPA, CTAC, and DBNPA/CTAC combinationsagainst anaerobic bacteria under high temperature, sulfide-rich, andre-challenge conditions. Lowest biocide concentration required for≧99.9% bacterial reduction DBNPA:CTAC for 2 h, 1 day, and 7 days (ppm)Synergy ratio DBNPA CTAC Index 1:0 >120 0 2:1 120 60 <1.33 1:1 60 60<0.83 1:2 60.0 120.0 <1.17 1:4 30.0 120.0 <0.92 1:8 30 240 <1.58 0:1 0180As can be seen in Table 9, DBNPA in combination with CTAC at certainweight ratios is synergistic against multiple challenges of anaerobicbacteria in the presence of sulfide ion under high temperatureconditions and over extended time periods.

Example 6 Evaluation of Ternary DBNPA, CTAC, and Bronopol Combination

DBNPA, bronopol, and CTAC are added to a sterile solution of syntheticsurface water (CaCl₂ 0.2203 g, MgSO₄ 0.1847 g, NaHCO₃ 0.1848 g,deionized water 1 L) both alone and in various combinations. An initialinoculum of a mixed bacteria consortium (Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC10145, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15422, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC13048, Escherichia coli ATCC 11229, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 8308,Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Salmonella choleraesuis ATCC 10708) isadded to each biocidal solution at a final concentration of 5×10⁶CFU/mL. After 2, 6 and 13 days, the biocidal solutions are re-challengedwith the same bacteria consortium to a final concentration of 5×10⁴CFU/mL of additional bacteria. All treatments are incubated at ambienttemperatures. The results are shown in Table 10 which reports thebiocide concentrations required to achieve a ≧4 log₁₀ kill reduction inmicroorganisms.

TABLE 10 Days After Dose required for >4 log₁₀ Initial DBNPA:bnpd:bacterial reduction vs. control Synergy Inoculation CTAC ratio DBNPAbnpd CTAC Index Day 3 1:0:0 <12 0:1:0 32 0:0:1 >750  1:3:16 4 12 64 0.511:1:8 8 8 64 0.44   1:1:4.7 12 12 56 0.61 1:2:7 8 16 56 0.68  1:5:14 420 56 0.75 1:1:3 16 16 48 0.78 1:3:6 8 24 48 0.92 Day 27 1:0:0 >750:1:0 >200 0:0:1 >750  1:3:16 11.4 34.2 182.4 0.57 1:1:8 17.5 17.5 1400.51   1:1:4.7 26.25 26.25 122.5 0.64 1:2:7 22.8 45.6 159.6 0.74  1:5:1411.4 57 159.6 0.65 1:1:3 100 100 300 ≦2.23 1:3:6 38.5 115.5 231 ≦1.40Bnpd = bronopol

While the invention has been described above according to its preferredembodiments, it can be modified within the spirit and scope of thisdisclosure. This application is therefore intended to cover anyvariations, uses, or adaptations of the invention using the generalprinciples disclosed herein. Further, the application is intended tocover such departures from the present disclosure as come within theknown or customary practice in the art to which this invention pertainsand which fall within the limits of the following claims.

1. A composition comprising: 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide; and abiocidal compound selected from the group consisting of:1-(3-chloroallyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1-azoniaadamantane;tris(hydroxymethyl)-nitromethane; and a hexahydrotriazine compound.
 2. Acomposition according to claim 1 wherein the biocidal compound is1-(3-chloroallyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1-azoniaadamantane.
 3. A compositionaccording to claim 1 wherein the biocidal compound istris(hydroxymethyl)-nitromethane.
 4. A composition according to claim 1wherein the hexahydrotriazine compound is of the formula I:

wherein R¹, R² and R³ are independently hydrogen, C1-C5 alkyl, C1-C5hydroxyalkyl, or an alkoxyalkylene group having the structure —R₄—O—R₅,where R₄ is independently an alkylene radical of 1 to 5 carbon atoms,and R₅ is independently an alkyl radical of 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
 5. Acomposition according to claim 4 wherein R¹, R², and R³ are C1-C5 alkyl.6. A composition according to claim 4 wherein R¹, R² and R³ are C1-C5hydroxyalkyl.
 7. A composition according to claim 4 wherein thehexahydrotriazine compound ishexahydro-1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine orhexahydro-1,3,5-triethyl-s-triazine.
 8. A composition according to claim1 wherein the 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide to biocidal compoundweight ratio is between about 100:1 and about 1:100.
 9. A compositionaccording to claim 1 further comprising one or more surfactants,ionic/nonionic polymers and scale, corrosion inhibitors, oxygenscavengers or additional biocides.
 10. A composition comprising:2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide;1-(3-chloroallyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1-azoniaadamantane; and2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol.
 11. A method for controllingmicroorganisms in an aqueous or water containing system, the methodcomprising treating the system with an effective amount of a compositionaccording to claim
 1. 12. A method according to claim 11 wherein theaqueous or water containing system is used or is present in oil and orgas production.
 13. A method according to claim 12 wherein oil and gasproduction comprises injection and produced water, source water forwaterflooding and hydraulic fracturing, pond water, holding tank water,functional fluids, drilling muds, completion and workover fluids,hydrotest fluids, stimulation fluids, packer fluids, fracturing fluids,oil and gas wells, separation, storage and transportation systems, oiland gas pipelines, oil and gas vessels, or fuel.
 14. A method accordingto claim 11 wherein the aqueous or water containing system is coolingwater, boiler water, pulp and paper mill water, other industrial processwater, ballast water, wastewater, metalworking fluids, leather treatmentfluids, paints and coatings, aqueous emulsions, latexes, adhesives,inks, pigment dispersions, personal care and household products, mineralslurries, caulks and adhesives, tape joint compounds, disinfectants,cleaners, or a system used therewith.